The cost of the perfect body: influence mechanism of internalization of media appearance ideals on eating disorder tendencies in adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Some studies have examined the relationship between internalization of media appearance ideals and eating disorders. However, few have discussed the relationship between eating disorder tendencies. To fill this research gap, this study was to explore the influencing mechanisms of internalization of media appearance ideals on adolescents' eating disorder tendencies in Chinese cultural context. METHOD: The Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire, Eating Attitude Test-26, Physical Self-Description Questionnaire, Body Image Depression Questionnaire and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support were employed in this study to investigate 1523 adolescents. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 26.0 and AMOS 24.0. RESULT: The results showed that: (1) internalization of media appearance ideals had a significant positive predictive effect on adolescents' eating disorder tendencies; (2) internalization of media appearance ideals significantly influenced adolescents' eating disorder tendencies through the mediating role of body esteem and body image disturbance respectively, and also influenced eating disorder tendencies through the chain mediating of both; and (3) social support played a moderating role between body image disturbance and eating disorder tendency. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest distinct pathways through which internalization of media appearance ideals may influence adolescents' eating disorder tendencies. It is suggested that reducing body image disturbance and enhancing social support can help reducing eating disorder tendency.

Hyperscanning Studies on Interbrain Synchrony and Child Development: A Narrative Review.

Social interactions between parents and children are closely linked with children's development, and interbrain synchrony has been shown to be a neural marker of social interaction. However, to truly capture the essence of social interactions through interbrain synchrony, it is necessary to simultaneously discuss the parental and child brains and adequately record neurological signals during parent-child interactions in interactive tasks. In the current review, we have reviewed three main contents. First, we discuss the correlation between parent-child interbrain synchrony and the development of cognitive (e.g., emotion regulation, attention, and learning) and behavioral abilities (e.g., cooperation, problem-solving) in children. Second, we examine the different neural mechanisms of interbrain synchrony in mother-child and father-child interactions, aiming to highlight the separate roles of mother and father in child development. Last, we have integrated four methods to enhance interbrain synchrony, including communication patterns, nonverbal behavior, music, and multichannel stimulation. A significant correlation exists between parent-child interbrain synchrony and the development of children's cognitive and behavioral abilities. This summary may be useful for expanding researchers' and practitioners' understanding of the ways in which parenting and the parent-child relationship shape children' cognitive and behavioral abilities.

Family function and adolescent altruistic behavior: the multiple mediating effects of self-affirmation and psychological resilience.

Introduction: The current study aimed to explore the relationship between family function and adolescent altruistic behavior, as well as the mediating effects of self-affirmation and psychological resilience in this relationship. Methods: A survey was conducted on 972 high school students in Guangdong Province using the Family APGAR, GHQSense of Adequacy, Chinese version of Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, and Altruistic Behavior Scale. Results: Results found that the score of psychological resilience of males was significantly higher than that of females, but the score of altruistic behavior was significantly lower than that of females. Family function had a positive predictive effect on altruistic behavior. Psychological resilience played a mediating role between family function and altruistic behavior. Self-affirmation and psychological resilience played chain mediating roles between family function and altruistic behavior. Discussion: This study indicated that family care is crucial for the development of adolescent altruistic behavior, and that it can promote the development of altruistic behavior through the enhancement of self-affirmation and psychological resilience.

Mindfulness and negative emotions among Chinese college students: chain mediation effect of rumination and resilience.

Objective: This study examines the mediation effect of rumination and resilience between the relationship of mindfulness and negative emotions in Chinese college students. Method: A total of 3,038 college students (19.94 ± 1.10) were investigated by Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale (MASS), Rumination Response Style Scale (RRS), Resilience Scale (RES) and Depression-anxiety-pressure scale (DASS-21), and the mediation analyses were conducted by adopting PROCESS macro in the SPSS software. Results: ① Mindfulness was negatively associated with rumination and negative emotions (r = -0.69, -0.72; P < 0.01), and positively associated with resilience (r = 0.63, P < 0.01). Rumination was negatively associated with resilience (r = -0.59, P < 0.01), and positively associated with negative emotions (r = 0.83, P < 0.01). Resilience was negatively associated with negative emotions (r = -0.71, P < 0.01). ② Mindfulness can not only directly predict negative emotions (95%CI, -0.12~-0.09) but also affects negative emotions through three indirect paths: Rumination was a mediator (95%CI, -0.24~-0.20), resilience was a mediator (95%CI, -0.07~-0.06), and resilience and rumination were a chain mediator (95%CI, -0.04 ~ -0.03). Conclusion: Mindfulness not only influences negative emotions directly, but also through the mediating effect of rumination and resilience indirectly.

Gratitude and academic engagement: exploring the mediating effects of internal locus of control and subjective well-being.

This study aimed to explore the relationship between gratitude and academic engagement in Chinese students. The students of some junior high schools in Guangzhou were surveyed using the Gratitude Questionnaire-6, the School Engagement Questionnaire, the Levenson's IPC Scale, and the General Well-being Schedule. A total of 708 valid responses were collected. The results indicate a significant positive relationship between gratitude and academic engagement. Subjective well-being plays a mediating role between gratitude and academic engagement. Locus of control and subjective well-being serve as serial mediators between gratitude and academic engagement. These findings suggest that promoting students' academic engagement can be achieved by fostering gratitude and improving their internal locus of control and subjective well-being. By cultivating gratitude and enhancing these factors, educators and policymakers can create a more engaging and supportive learning environment for students.

BSA-assisted hydrothermal conversion of MoS2 nanosheets into quantum dots with high yield and bright fluorescence for constructing a sensing platform via dual quenching effects.

With large surface-responsive and excitation-dependent fluorescence, two-dimensional fluorescent quantum dots (QDs) have been receiving tremendous attention to develop their facile synthetic approaches and/or expand their promising applications. Here, a two-step strategy is demonstrated for high-yield production of MoS2 QDs from MoS2 powder through first sonication-driven exfoliation and subsequent hydrothermal splitting with the assistance of bovine serum albumin (BSA). Experimentally, ∼100 nm-sized MoS2 nanosheets are ultrasonically exfoliated from MoS2 powder in a BSA solution, and further hydrothermally split into âˆ¼ 8.2 nm-sized QDs (NQDs) at 200 °C. In addition to their excellent stability/dispersibility in aqueous solution, the resultant MoS2 NQDs also exhibit much brighter blue fluorescence than those synthesized by other methods. The strong fluorescence is significantly quenched by p-nitrophenol for constructing a sensitive sensor with high selectivity, which is attributed to dual quenching effects from inner filter effect (IFE) and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). Interestingly, with the increment of pH from 5 to 10, the ratio of IFE in fluorescence quenching gradually decreases accompanied by an increment of FRET ratio, resulting in the high sensitivity and responsivity for detecting p-nitrophenol at a wide range of pH. Clearly, the MoS2 NQD-based sensing approach demonstrates a promising potential for selective detection and fast analysis of pollutants in environment monitoring and security screening.

Metal-facilitated Photocatalytic Nanohybrids: Rational Design and Promising Environmental Applications.

As a promising technique to potentially address the energy crisis and environmental issues, photocatalysis has been reported widely to exhibit various outstanding behaviors in production of new fuels/chemicals and treatment of contaminants. The photocatalytic performance is extremely dependent on the used photocatalysts, so that the design and preparation of efficient photocatalysts are critically important for significantly improving the photocatalytic activity. Among various strategies, the hybridization of metal with semiconductors has recently been attracting more and more research interest owing to their expended spectral absorption, promoted transferring rate of charge carriers and Plasmon-enhanced effect. In this minireview, the metal-facilitated hybrid photocatalysts are overviewed comprehensively to first reveal unique functions of metals in improvement of photoactivity and summarize the emerging metal-involved hybrid systems. Subsequently, the synthetic methods towards hybrid photocatalysts are introduced and their practical applications are emphasized in environmental remediation including degradation of organic pollutants, conversion of harmful gases, treatment of heavy metal ions and sterilization of bacteria. At the end, the challenges for industrializing these hybrid photocatalysts are discussed carefully and future development is suggested rationally.

Friction-Stir Welding of a Wrought Al-Si-Mg Alloy in As-Fabricated and Heat-Treatment States.

A wrought Al-11.3Si-0.6Mg alloy under hot extrusion (T1), solution treatment (T4), and solution treatment + artificial aging (T6) states were friction stir welded at welding speed of 100 mm/min and rotation rate of 800 rpm. The effect of prior heat-treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the welds were investigated. The results show that the microstructures of the nugget zones have little dependence on the initial states of the base material. In the nugget zones, complete recrystallized structures with equaxied grains in the Al matrix were formed under all conditions. The Si particles in the nugget zones are almost unchanged compared with those of their base materials (BMs) in the three states. In contrast, the joint efficiency of the obtained welds was very sensitive to the initial material condition. The joint efficiency under the T1 state is more than 90% due to the fact that the microstructure is almost unchanged, except for the slight coarsening of the Al matrix grains and some of the Mg2Si phases during the friction stir welding process. However, the joint efficiency in the T4 and T6 conditions is only 77.22% and 62.03%, respectively. The relatively low weld strength in the T4 and T6 conditions is due to the elimination of the solid solution strengthening and age hardening effects during friction stir welding. The hardness distributions along the cross section of joints are all W-shaped under T1, T4, and T6 conditions.

Real-Time Mapping of Ultratrace Singlet Oxygen in Rat during Acute and Chronic Inflammations via a Chemiluminescent Nanosensor.

Sensing nonradiation-induced singlet oxygen (1 O2 ) in whole-animal is deemed as one of the most challenging tasks in noninvasive techniques due to the µs level lifetime of 1 O2 and quenching by numerous reductants in tissues. Here a distinct chemiluminescent (CL) nanosensor (NTPE-PH) that boasts ultrahigh concentrated CL units in one nanoparticle is reported. Taking advantage of the intramolecular energy transfer mechanism that promises high energy transfer efficiency and the aggregation-induced emission behavior that guarantees high CL amplification, the NTPE-PH sensor is sensitive to a nm level 1 O2 . Experiments demonstrate that the NTPE-PH yields a highly selective CL response toward 1 O2 among common reactive oxygen species. With proved low cytotoxicity and good animal compatibility, real-time mapping of ultratrace 1 O2 in whole-animal during acute and chronic inflammations is first achieved. It is anticipated that the NTPE-PH sensor can be a useful tool for monitoring 1 O2 variation during immune response and pathological processes corresponding to different stimuli, even with drug treatment included.

Self-Catalyzing Chemiluminescence of Luminol-Diazonium Ion and Its Application for Catalyst-Free Hydrogen Peroxide Detection and Rat Arthritis Imaging.

We report the unique self-catalyzing chemiluminescence (CL) of luminol-diazonium ion (N2+-luminol) and its analytical potential. Visual CL emission was initially observed when N2+-luminol was subjected to alkaline aqueous H2O2 without the aid of any catalysts. Further experimental investigations found peroxidase-like activity of N2+-luminol on the cleavage of H2O2 into OH• radical. Together with other experimental evidence, the CL mechanism is suggested as the activation of N2+-luminol and its dediazotization product 3-hydroxyl luminol by OH• radical into corresponding intermediate radicals, and then further oxidation to excited-state 3-N2+-phthalic acid and 3-hydroxyphthalic acid, which finally produce 415 nm CL. The self-catalyzing CL of N2+-luminol provides us an opportunity to achieve the attractive catalyst-free CL detection of H2O2. Experiments demonstrated the 10-8 M level detection sensitivity to H2O2 as well as to glucose or uric acid if presubjected to glucose oxidase or uricase. With the exampled determination of serum glucose and uric acid, N2+-luminol shows its analytical potential for other analytes linking the production or consumption of H2O2. Under physiological condition, N2+-luminol exhibits highly selective and sensitive CL toward 1O2 among the common reactive oxygen species. This capacity supports the significant application of N2+-luminol for detecting 1O2 in live animals. By imaging the arthritis in LEW rats, N2+-luminol CL is demonstrated as a potential tool for mapping the inflammation-relevant biological events in a live body.

Development of shelf-stable, ready-to-eat (RTE) shrimps ( Litopenaeus vannamei ) using water activity lowering agent by response surface methodology.

Three water-activity-lowering agents (composite phosphate, sorbitol and glycerol) were used to develop a kind of shelf-stable, ready-to-eat (RTE) shrimp. Formula of water-activity- lowering agents was optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) using a central composite design. Model equation was proposed with regard to the contents of composite phosphate (X1), sorbitol (X 2) and glycerol (X3) : [Formula: see text]. The model with a very low probability value (P < 0.0003) was highly significant and the value of lack-of-fit was 0.4028, indicating that the model could predict water activity of shrimps using different agents. Composite phosphate of 0.22%, sorbitol of 3.12% and glycerol of 2.51% were found to be the optimal condition to obtain the lowest water activity of 0.884. Compared to the control shrimps, RTE shrimps treated with water-activity-lowering agents had a longer shelflife and higher sensorial acceptability. During storage at temperature of 35 °C, the quality of RTE shrimps in term of appearance, flavor and texture was found to be superior to the untreated ones. Texture profile, TBARS value, contents of astaxanthin and free amino acid of treated samples were found to be decreased slower from origin value compared to that of untreated samples. These RTE shrimps were biologically safe and sensorially acceptable after 30 days of storage at temperature of 35 °C. Briefly, the application of water-activity-lowering agents extent the shelflife of RTE shrimps obviously and would be beneficial for the exploitation of white shrimp.

Comparison on clinical characteristics of multifocal choroiditis and punctate inner choriodopathy.

PURPOSE: To compare the differences in the clinical characteristics of multifocal choroiditis (MFC) and punctate inner choriodopathy (PIC). METHODS: A cross-sectional study, consisting of 22 cases (37 eyes) with MFC and 11 cases (18 eyes) with PIC, was carried out. Multiple indexes were measured and analysed to compare the differences in clinical characteristics of the subjects between two groups, including BCVA, avergae age, sex composition, presence of intraocular inflammation, choroidal neovascularization (CNV), and intraocular inflammation complications, such as cataract, cystoid macular edema (CME) and epiretinal membrane (ERM). RESULTS: The average age of the MFC and PIC patients were (48.1±13.9) years and (32.1±10.2) years with a significant difference (P=0.043). CNV occurred more frequently in patients with PIC (PIC, 55.6% ;MFC, 21.6%;P=0.016) compared with those with MFC. MFC patients had a higher frequency of intraocular inflammation complications, such as, cataract (27.0%), CME(35.1%), ERM(5.4%). PIC patients presented none of these complications. MFC subjects presented with more visual impairments than PIC patients. Totally 51.4% of MFC patients had visual impairments and 22.2% of PIC patients had BCVA < 0.3 (P=0.047) . CONCLUSION: Both MFC and PIC are categorized into the umbrella term of "white spot syndromes". Although sharing similar ocular expressions, they present with different clinical characteristics. Patients with PIC had a higher frequency of CNV but a lower frequency of structural complications caused by intraocular inflammation and lower frequency of visual impairments compared with MFC counterparts.

Molecular modeling and epitopes mapping of human adenovirus type 3 hexon protein.

The hexon protein of human adenovirus (HAdV) processes type-specific B-cell neutralizing epitopes. We developed a new effective, reliable approach to map these epitopes on hexon protein of HAdVs. A three-dimensional (3D) model of the HAdV3 hexon was obtained by homology modeling and refined by molecular mechanics and molecular dynamics simulations. A modified evolutionary trace (ET) analysis called reverse ET (RET) was used to predict the type-specific B-cell neutralizing epitopes. An epitope-screening algorithm based on analyzing the solvent accessibility surface (SAS) area from the 3D model and calculation of sites homology using RET was designed and implemented in the BioPerl script language. Five epitope polypeptide segments were predicted and mapped onto the 3D model. Finally five polypeptides were synthesized and the predicted epitopes were identified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Neutralization Test (NT). It was found that the type-specific neutralizing epitopes of HAdV3 are located at the top surface of hexon tower regions (residue numbers: 135-146, 169-178, 237-251, 262-272, 420-434). This work is of great significance to the molecular design of a multivalent HAdVs vaccine.

[Application of nano-sized TiO2 photocatalysis to air purification and sterilization].

OBJECTIVE: To develop and evaluate the efficiency of air purification and sterilization instrument based on nano-sized TiO(2) photocatalytic technique. METHODS: The nano-sized TiO(2) photocatalytic air purification and sterilization instrument was designed and a sample had been prepared. The sterilization efficiencies for E.coli and Klebsiella by the nano-sized TiO(2) photocatalytic instrument and ultraviolet (UV) were measured in closed labs. The on-site efficiency of the instrument was evaluated, too. RESULTS: The nano-sized TiO(2) photocatalytic air purification and sterilization instrument was composed of five units: rough filter, nano-sized TiO(2) photocatalytic unit, activated carbon fiber filter, negative ion generator, and programmed control unit. The E.coli killing rates by the nano-sized TiO(2) photocatalytic instrument were 76.0%, 81.8%, 77.5%, and 80.7% at 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes, respectively. There was no significant difference between the E.coli killing rates of the instrument and UV (P > 0.05), except the 120 minutes timepoint. The Klebsiella killing rates by the instrument were 78.4%, 79.5%, 67.3%, and 58.5% at 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes, respectively. The Klebsiella killing efficiencies of the instrument at 30 and 60 minutes were better than that of UV (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference between the Klebsiella killing efficiencies of the instrument and UV (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The air sterilization efficiency of the nano-sized TiO(2) photocatalytic instrument should be equivalent or better as compared with the UV. This instrument might be used for the air purification and sterilization of the public locations.

[The relation between amygdaloid nucleus in rats and pain modulation].

AIM: To research the influence of noxious stimuli on the electric activities of pain-related neurons in several subnuclei of Amygdaloid Nucleus in rats. METHODS: Trains of the electric impulses applied to the sciatic nerve were used as noxious stimuli. The discharges of neurons were channeled off by glass microelectrode. RESULTS: Pain-related neurons existed in several subnuclei of Amygdaloid Nucleus. When the noxious stimuli were administered the frequency of discharges of pain-excited neurons (PEN) was increased while the frequency of pain-inhibited neurons (PIN) was decreased to the lowest level. The electric activities of PEN and PIN were matched with each other. Intraperitoneal injection of morphine (10 mg/kg) antagonized the effects of noxious stimuli on the pain-related neurons. CONCLUSION: Several subnuclei of Amygdaloid Nucleus play an essential role in perceiving, integrating and transmitting the pain impulses. They are a part of the central nervous system in which pain information is controlled and managed.